Rabu, 21 Maret 2012

Macam - macam Virus Komputer

Macam - macam Virus Komputer

Pengertian Virus

Virus komputer dinamakan “Virus” karena memiliki beberapa persamaan mendasar dengan virus pada istilah kedokteran(biological viruses).Virus komputer bisa diartikan sebagai suatu program komputer biasa. Tetapi memiliki perbedaan yang mendasar dengan program-program lainnya, yaitu virus dibuat untuk menulari program-program lainnya, mengubah, memanipulasinya bahkan sampai merusaknya. Ada yang perlu dicatat disini, virus hanya akan menulari apabila program pemicu atau program yang telah terinfeksi tadi dieksekusi, disinilah perbedaannya dengan "worm".
Cara kerja :
Virus komputer umumnya dapat merusak perangkat lunak komputer dan tidak dapat secara langsung merusak perangkat keras komputer tetapi dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan dengan cara memuat program yang memaksa over process ke perangkat tertentu. Efek negatif virus komputer adalah memperbanyak dirinya sendiri, yang membuat sumber daya pada komputer (seperti penggunaan memori) menjadi berkurang secara signifikan. Hampir 95% virus komputer berbasis sistem operasi Windows. Sisanya menyerang Linux/GNU, Mac, FreeBSD, OS/2 IBM, dan Sun Operating System. Virus yang ganas akan merusak perangkat keras.
 Cara Menghilangkan :
Serangan virus dapat dicegah atau ditanggulangi dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak aniti virus. Jenis perangkat lunak ini dapat juga mendeteksi dan menghapus virus komputer. Virus komputer ini dapat dihapus dengan basis data (database/ Signature-based detection), heuristik, atau peringkat dari program itu sendiri (Quantum).

Macam - Macam Virus Komputer
Virus Komputer adalah program yang mengganggu sistem kerja komputer. Nah sebelum komputer kita terserang virus ada baiknya sedikit banyak kita mengetahui macam macam virus komputer :

1. Virus Compiler, virus yang sudah di compile sehingga dapat dieksekusi langsung. Ini adalah virus yang pertama kali muncul di dunia komputer, dan mengalami perkembangan pesat sekarang. Virs pertama ini sangatlah sulit dibasmi karena dibuat dengan bahasa rendah, assembler. Memang bahasa ini cocok untuk membuat virus namun sangatlah susah menggunakannya. Keunggulan dari virus ini adalah mampu melakukan hampir seluruh manipulasi yang mana hal ini tidak selalu dapat dilakukan oleh virus jenis lain karena lebih terbatas.

2. Virus Bagle BC, virus ini ini termasuk salah satu jenis virus yang berbahaya dan telah masuk peringkat atas jenis virus yang paling cepat mempengaruhi komputer kita. Beberapa jam sejak keluarnya virus ini, sudah terdapat 2 buah varian Bagle ( Bagle BD dan BE )yang menyebar melalui e-mail, jaringan komputer dan aplikasi P2P. Virus ini menyebar melalui e-mail dengan berbagai subyek berbeda. Menurut suatu penelitian dari Panda Software virus Bagle BC ini menyusup ke dalam e-mail dengan subyek antara lain : Re:, Re:Hello, Re:Hi, Re:Thank you, Re:Thanks. Attachment-nya juga bermacam-macam, antara lain : .com, .cpl, .exe, .scr. Virus Bagle BC juga mampu untuk menghentikan kerja program-program antivirus.

2. Virus File, adalah virus yang memanfaatkan file yang dapat diijalankan/dieksekusi secara langsung. Biasanya file *.EXE atau *.COM. Tapi bisa juga menginfeksi file *.SYS, *.DRV, *.BIN, *.OVL dan *.OVY. Jenis Virus ini dapat berpindah dari satu media ke semua jenis media penyimpanan dan menyebar dalam sebuah jaringan.

3. Virus Sistem, atau lebih dikenal sebagai virus Boot. Kenapa begitu karena virus ini memanfaatkan file-file yang dipakai untuk membuat suatu sistem komputer. Sering terdapat di disket/tempat penyimpanan tanpa sepengetahuan kita. Saat akan menggunakan komputer(restart), maka virus ini akan menginfeksi Master Boot Sector dan System Boot Sector jika disket yang terinfeksi ada di drive disket/tempat penyimpanan.

4. Virus Boot Sector, virus yang memanfaatkan hubungan antar komputer dan tempat penyimpanan untuk penyebaran virus.Apabila pada boot sector terdapat suatu program yang mampu menyebarkan diri dan mampu tinggal di memory selama komputer bekerja, maka program tersebut dapat disebut virus. Virus boot sector terbagi dua yaitu virus yang menyerang disket dan virus yang menyerang disket dan tabel partisi.

5. Virus Dropper, suatu program yang dimodifikasi untuk menginstal sebuah virus komputer yang menjadi target serangan. setelah terinstal, maka virus akan menyebar tetapi Dropper tidak ikut menyebar. Dropper bisa berupa nama file seperti Readme.exe atau melalui Command.com yang menjadi aktif ketika program berjalan. Satu program Dropper bisa terdapat beberapa jenis Virus.

6. Virus Script/Batch, awalnya virus ini terkenal dengan nama virus batch seperti yang dulu terdapat di file batch yang ada di DOS.Virus script biasanya sering didapat dari Internet karena kelebihannya yang fleksibel dan bisa berjalan pada saat kita bermain internet, virus jenis ini biasanya menumpang pada file HTML (Hype Text Markup Language) dibuat dengan menggunakan fasilitas script seperti Javascript, VBscript,4 maupun gabungan antara script yang mengaktifkan program Active-X dari Microsoft Internet Explorer.

7. Virus Macro, virus yang dibuat dengan memanfaatkan fasilitas pemrograman modular pada suatu program aplikasi seperti Ms Word, Ms Excel, Corel WordPerfect dan sebagainya. Walaupun virus ini terdapat didalam aplikasi tertentu tetapi bahaya yang ditimbulkan tidak kalah berbahanya dari virus-virus yang lain.

8. Virus Polymorphic, dapat dikatakan virus cerdas karena virus dapat mengubah strukturnya setelah melaksanakan tugas sehingga sulit dideteksi oleh Antivirus.

9. Virus Stealth, virus ini menggunakan cara cerdik, yakni dengan memodifikasi struktur file untuk meyembunyikan kode program tambahan di dalamnya. Kode ini memungkinkan virus ini dapat menyembunyika diri. Semua jenis virus lain juga memanfaatkan kode ini. Ukuran-ukuran file tidak berubah setelah virus menginfeksi file.

10. Virus Companion, virus jenis ini mencari file *.EXE untuk membuat sebuah file *.COM dan menyalin untuk meletakkan virus. Alasannya, file *.COM berjalan sebelum file *.EXE.

11. Worm, ini adalah sebuah program yang bersifat parasit karena dapat menduplikasi diri. Akan tetapi, worm tidak menyerupai virus karena tidak menginfeksi program komputer lainnya. Oleh karena itu, Worm tidak digolongkan ke dalam virus. Mainframe adalah jenis komputer yang sering diserang Worm. Penyebarannya pada komputer lainnya melalui jaringan. Dalam perkembangannya Worm mengalami “mutasi genetik” sehingga selain membuat suatu file baru, ia pun akan berusaha menempelkan dirinya sendiri ke suatu file, ini biasa disebut virus Hybrid.

12. Virus Hybrid, virus ini merupakan virus yang mempunyai dua kemampuan biasanya dapat masuk ke boot sector dan juga dapat masuk ke file. Salah satu contoh virus ini adalah virus Mystic yang dibuat di Indonesia.

13. Trojan horse, disebut juga kuda troya. Trojan menginfeksi komputer melalui file yang kelihatannya tidak berbahaya dan biasanya justru tampaknya melakukan sesuatu yang berguna. Namun akhirnya virus menjadi berbahaya, misalnya melakukan format hardisk.

14. Backdoor Alnica, virus yang juga berbahaya ini merupakan salah satu tipe virus Trojan Horse. Merupakan salah satu virus backdoor yang jika berhasil menginfeksi komputer akan mampu melakukan akses dari jarak jauh dan mengambil segala informasi yang diinginkan oleh si penyerang. Sistem operasi yang diserang oleh virus tersebut antara lain : Windows 200, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows NT dan Windows XP. Virus ini berukuran sebesar 57.856 byte

15. Trojan di Linux. Para pengguna linux Red Hat diharapkan untuk berhati-hati terhadap PATCH yang dikirm melalui e-mail dengan alamat "security@redhat.com" karena itu sebenarnya bukannya patch security tetapi virus Trojan yang bisa mengacaukan sistem keamanan. E-mail peringatan dari Red Hat biasanya selalu dikirim dari alamat "secalert@redhat.com" dan ditandatangani secara digital. Virus ini juga pernah menyerang sistem keamanan Windows tahun 2003 dengan subyek menawarkan solusi keamanan.

Shortcut Powerpoint

Shortcut Powerpoint

Text Formatting

 To do this: Windows Keyboard:
Change Font CTRL+Shift+F, then use up/down arrow keys, click Enter when done
Change Point Size CTRL+Shift+P, then use up/down arrow keys, click Enter when done
Increase Font Size CTRL+Shift+>
Decrease Font Size CTRL+Shift+<
Bold CTRL+B
Underline CTRL+U
Italic CTRL+I
Superscript ALT+CTRL+Shift+>
Subscript ALT+CTRL+Shift+<
Plain Text CTRL+Shift+Z
Spelling Checker F7
Center Paragraph CTRL+E
Justified Paragraph CTRL+J
Left-Aligned Paragraph CTRL+L
Right-Aligned Paragraph CTRL+R
Change Case Shift+F3 toggles selection through lower case, upper case, initial caps with each press of keys
Create Hyperlink CTRL+K

Deleting and Copying

Delete Character Left Backspace
Delete Word Left CTRL+Backspace
Delete Character Right Delete
Delete Word Right CTRL+Delete
Cut CTRL+X
Copy CTRL+C
Paste CTRL+V
Undo CTRL+Z
Create a copy of the text CTRL+Drag

Navigating in Text Blocks

Character Left Left Arrow
Character Right Right Arrow
Line Up Up Arrow
Line Down Down Arrow
Word Left CTRL+Left Arrow
Word Right CTRL+Right Arrow
End of Line END
Beginning of Line HOME
Paragraph Up CTRL+Up Arrow
Paragraph Down CTRL+Down Arrow
End of Text Block CTRL+END
Start of Text Block CTRL+HOME

Navigating and Working With Objects

To Previous Object TAB
To Next Object Shift+TAB
Select All Objects CTRL+A
Drag and Drop Copy CTRL+Select and Drag
Create a Duplicate Object CTRL+D
Create another Duplicate with same offset as first Duplicate  CTRL+D, move new copy to desired location, then use CTRL+D repeatedly to create more copies

Outlining, in All Views

Promote Paragraph ALT+Shift+Left Arrow or
TAB from beginning of Paragraph
Demote Paragraph ALT+Shift+Right Arrow or Shift+TAB from beginning of Paragraph
Move Selected Paragraphs Up ALT+Shift+Up Arrow
Move Selected Paragraphs Down ALT+Shift+Down Arrow

Outlining, in Outline View

Collapse to Titles ALT+Shift+1
Expand Text under a heading ALT+Shift+Plus
Collapse Text Under a Heading ALT+Shift+Minus
Show All Text and Headings ALT+Shift+A
Display Character Formatting Keypad / (numlock off)

Selecting, in Text

 Character Right Shift+Right Arrow
Character Left Shift+Left Arrow
End of Word CTRL+Shift+Right Arrow
Beginning of Word CTRL+Shift+Left Arrow
Line Up Shift+Up Arrow
Line Down Shift+Down Arrow
Select All CTRL+A or F2
Select Any Text Drag with left mouse button depressed
Select Word Double-Click
Select Paragraph Triple-Click
Drag and Drop Select and Drag
Drag and Drop Copy CTRL+Select and Drag

Working with Slides and Presentation Files

New Presentation CTRL+N
Open a Presentation CTRL+O, CTRL+F12
Save CTRL+S, F12
Save As F12
Print CTRL+P
Find CTRL+F
Replace CTRL+H
New Slide (menu) CTRL+M
New Slide like last one, no menu Shift+CTRL+M
Exit/Quit CTRL+Q or ALT F4
Move from Title to Text CTRL+Enter
Move from Body text to Title of Next Slide CTRL+Enter

Working with Presentation Windows

Go to Previous Window CTRL+Shift+F6
Go to Next Window CTRL+F6
Size Presentation Window
(Un-Maximize)
ALT+F5
Maximize Application Window ALT+F10
Maximize Presentation Window CTRL+F10
Restore Presentation Window to Previous Size CTRL+F5
Put Presentation in its own Window CTRL+F5

Drawing & Formatting

Show/Hide Guides (toggle) CTRL+G
Switch from Normal View to Master View Shift+Click Slide View Button
Group CTRL+Shift+G
Ungroup CTRL+Shift+H
Regroup CTRL+Shift+J
Resize while Maintaining Proportions Shift+Resize
Resize from Center CTRL+Resize
Resize from Center while Maintaining Proportions  CTRL+Shift+Resize
Rotate in 15 degree increments Shift+Rotate tool
Rotate from Corner CTRL+Rotate tool
Rotate in 15 degree increments from Corner Shift+CTRL+Rotate tool
Extend Line along same angle Shift+Resize
Make Straight Segment while Using Curve Tool CTRL+ALT+click (using curve tool)
Nudge object one grid unit Arrow Key
Nudge object one pixel CTRL+Arrow Key
Temporarily Release Grid/Guide Snap ALT
Create Multiple Guides CTRL+Drag Guide

Controlling Slides in Slide Show

 Go to Slide <number>  <number> ENTER
Black/Unblack Screen B or Period
White/Unwhite Screen W or Comma
Show/Hide Pointer A or =
End Show ESC, CTRL+Break, Minus, END
Erase Screen Annotations E
Advance to Hidden Slide H
Advance to Next Slide Mouse Click, Spacebar, N, Right Arrow, Down Arrow, Page Down
Return to Previous Slide Backspace, P, Left Arrow, Up Arrow, Page Up

Getting Help & Programming Tools

 Help F1
Menu and Dialog Explanations Shift+F1
Right Mouse Click without Mouse Shift+F10
Bring up Visual Basic Editor ALT+F11
Macro Recorder ALT+F8

Sortcut Ms. Excel 2007

Sortcut Ms. Excel 2007

CTRL combination shortcut keys
CTRL+SHFT+(
Unhides any hidden rows within the selection.

CTRL+SHFT+)
Unhides any hidden columns within the selection.

CTRL+SHFT+&
Applies the outline border to the selected cells.

CTRL+SHFT_
Removes the outline border from the selected cells.

CTRL SHFT ~
Applies the General number format in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+SHFT+$
Applies the Currency format with two decimal places (negative numbers in parentheses).

CTRL+SHFT+%
Applies the Percentage format with no decimal places.

CTRL+SHFT+^
Applies the Exponential number format with two decimal places.

CTRL+SHFT+#
Applies the Date format with the day, month, and year.

CTRL+SHFT+@
Applies the Time format with the hour and minute, and AM or PM.

CTRL+SHFT+!
Applies the Number format with two decimal places, thousands separator, and minus sign (-) for negative values.

CTRL+SHFT+*
Selects the current region around the active cell (the data area enclosed by blank rows and blank columns). In a PivotTable, it selects the entire PivotTable report.

CTRL+SHFT+:
Enters the current time.

CTRL+SHFT+
Copies the value from the cell above the active cell into the cell or the Formula Bar.

CTRL SHFT Plus ( )
Displays the Insert dialog box to insert blank cells in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+Minus (-)
Displays the Delete dialog box to delete the selected cells.

CTRL+;
Enters the current date.

CTRL+`
Alternates between displaying cell values and displaying formulas in the worksheet.

CTRL+'
Copies a formula from the cell above the active cell into the cell or the Formula Bar.


CTRL+1
Displays the Format Cells dialog box.

CTRL+2
Applies or removes bold formatting.

CTRL+3
Applies or removes italic formatting.

CTRL 4
Applies or removes underlining in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+5
Applies or removes strikethrough.

CTRL+6
Alternates between hiding objects, displaying objects, and displaying placeholders for objects.

CTRL+8
Displays or hides the outline symbols.

CTRL+9
Hides the selected rows.

CTRL 0
Hides the selected columns in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+A
Selects the entire worksheet. If the worksheet contains data, CTRL+A selects the current region. Pressing CTRL+A a second time selects the current region and its summary rows. Pressing CTRL+A a third time selects the entire worksheet. When the insertion point is to the right of a function name in a formula, displays the Function Arguments dialog box. CTRL+SHFT+A inserts the argument names and parentheses when the insertion point is to the right of a function name in a formula.

CTRL+B
Applies or removes bold formatting.

CTRL+C
Copies the selected cells. CTRL+C followed by another CTRL+C displays the Clipboard.

CTRL+D
Uses the Fill Down command to copy the contents and format of the topmost cell of a selected range into the cells below.

CTRL+F
Displays the Find and Replace dialog box, with the Find tab selected. SHFT+F5 also displays this tab, while SHFT+F4 repeats the last Find action. CTRL+SHFT+F opens the Format Cells dialog box with the Font tab selected.

CTRL+G
Displays the Go To dialog box. F5 also displays this dialog box.

CTRL+H
Displays the Find and Replace dialog box, with the Replace tab selected.

CTRL I
Applies or removes italic formatting in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+K
Displays the Insert Hyperlink dialog box for new hyperlinks or the Edit Hyperlink dialog box for selected existing hyperlinks.

CTRL+N
Creates a new, blank workbook.

CTRL O
Displays the Open dialog box to open or find a file. CTRL SHFT O selects all cells that contain comments in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+P
Displays the Print dialog box. CTRL+SHFT+P opens the Format Cells dialog box with the Font tab selected.

CTRL+R
Uses the Fill Right command to copy the contents and format of the leftmost cell of a selected range into the cells to the right.

CTRL+S
Saves the active file with its current file name, location, and file format.

CTRL T
Displays the Create Table dialog box in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+U
Applies or removes underlining. CTRL+SHFT+U switches between expanding and collapsing of the formula bar.

CTRL+V
Inserts the contents of the Clipboard at the insertion point and replaces any selection. Available only after you have cut or copied an object, text, or cell contents.

CTRL+W
Closes the selected workbook window.

CTRL+X
Cuts the selected cells.

CTRL Y
Repeats the last command or action, if possible in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+Z
Uses the Undo command to reverse the last command or to delete the last entry that you typed. CTRL+SHFT+Z uses the Undo or Redo command to reverse or restore the last automatic correction when AutoCorrect Smart Tags are displayed.



Function keys

F1
Displays the Microsoft Office Excel Help task pane. CTRL+F1 displays or hides the Ribbon, a component of the Microsoft Office Fluent user interface. ALT+F1 creates a chart of the data in the current range. ALT+SHFT+F1 inserts a new worksheet.


F2
Edits the active cell and positions the insertion point at the end of the cell contents. It also moves the insertion point into the Formula Bar when editing in a cell is turned off. SHFT+F2 adds or edits a cell comment. CTRL+F2 displays the Print Preview window.


F3
Displays the Paste Name dialog box. SHFT+F3 displays the Insert Function dialog box.


F4
Repeats the last command or action, if possible. CTRL+F4 closes the selected workbook window.


F5
Displays the Go To dialog box. CTRL F5 restores the window size of the selected workbook window in Microsoft Excel.


F6
Switches between the worksheet, Ribbon, task pane, and Zoom controls. In a worksheet that has been split (View menu, Manage This Window, Freeze Panes, Split Window command), F6 includes the split panes when switching between panes and the Ribbon area. SHFT+F6 switches between the worksheet, Zoom controls, task pane, and Ribbon. CTRL+F6 switches to the next workbook window when more than one workbook window is open.


F7
Displays the Spelling dialog box to check spelling in the active worksheet or selected range. CTRL+F7 performs the Move command on the workbook window when it is not maximized. Use the arrow keys to move the window, and when finished press ENTER, or ESC to cancel.


F8
Turns extend mode on or off. In extend mode, Extended Selection appears in the status line, and the arrow keys extend the selection. SHFT+F8 enables you to add a nonadjacent cell or range to a selection of cells by using the arrow keys. CTRL+F8 performs the Size command (on the Control menu for the workbook window) when a workbook is not maximized. ALT+F8 displays the Macro dialog box to create, run, edit, or delete a macro.


F9
Calculates all worksheets in all open workbooks. SHFT F9 calculates the active worksheet in Microsoft Excel. CTRL ALT F9 calculates all worksheets in all open workbooks, regardless of whether they have changed since the last calculation. CTRL ALT SHFT F9 rechecks dependent formulas, and then calculates all cells in all open workbooks, including cells not marked as needing to be calculated. CTRL F9 minimizes a workbook window to an icon.


F10
Turns key tips on or off. SHFT F10 displays the shortcut menu for a selected item in Microsoft Excel. ALT SHFT F10 displays the menu or message for a smart tag. If more than one smart tag is present, it switches to the next smart tag and displays its menu or message. CTRL F10 maximizes or restores the selected workbook window.


F11
Creates a chart of the data in the current range. SHFT+F11 inserts a new worksheet. ALT+F11 opens the Microsoft Visual Basic Editor, in which you can create a macro by using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).


F12
Displays the Save As dialog box.




Other useful shortcut keys

ARROW KEYS
Move one cell up, down, left, or right in a worksheet. CTRL+ARROW KEY moves to the edge of the current data region (data region: A range of cells that contains data and that is bounded by empty cells or datasheet borders.) in a worksheet. SHFT+ARROW KEY extends the selection of cells by one cell. CTRL+SHFT+ARROW KEY extends the selection of cells to the last nonblank cell in the same column or row as the active cell, or if the next cell is blank, extends the selection to the next nonblank cell


BACKSPACE
Deletes one character to the left in the Formula Bar in Microsoft Excel. Also clears the content of the active cell. In cell editing mode, it deletes the character to the left of the insertion point.


DELETE
Removes the cell contents (data and formulas) from selected cells without affecting cell formats or comments. In cell editing mode, it deletes the character to the right of the insertion point.


END
Moves to the cell in the lower-right corner of the window when SCROLL LOCK is turned on. Also selects the last command on the menu when a menu or submenu is visible. CTRL+END moves to the last cell on a worksheet, in the lowest used row of the rightmost used column. If the cursor is in the formula bar, CTRL+END moves the cursor to the end of the text. CTRL+SHFT+END extends the selection of cells to the last used cell on the worksheet (lower-right corner). If the cursor is in the formula bar, CT


ENTER
Completes a cell entry from the cell or the Formula Bar, and selects the cell below (by default). In a data form, it moves to the first field in the next record. Opens a selected menu (press F10 to activate the menu bar) or performs the action for a selected command. In a dialog box, it performs the action for the default command button in the dialog box (the button with the bold outline, often the OK button). ALT+ENTER starts a new line in the same cell. CTRL+ENTER fills the selected cell range


ESC
Cancels an entry in the cell or Formula Bar in Microsoft Excel. Closes an open menu or submenu, dialog box, or message window. It also closes full screen mode when this mode has been applied, and returns to normal screen mode to display the Ribbon and status bar again.


HOME
Moves to the beginning of a row in a worksheet. Moves to the cell in the upper-left corner of the window when SCROLL LOCK is turned on. Selects the first command on the menu when a menu or submenu is visible. CTRL+HOME moves to the beginning of a worksheet. CTRL+SHFT+HOME extends the selection of cells to the beginning of the worksheet.


PAGE DOWN
Moves one screen down in a worksheet. ALT+PAGE DOWN moves one screen to the right in a worksheet. CTRL+PAGE DOWN moves to the next sheet in a workbook. CTRL+SHFT+PAGE DOWN selects the current and next sheet in a workbook.


PAGE UP
Moves one screen up in a worksheet. ALT+PAGE UP moves one screen to the left in a worksheet. CTRL+PAGE UP moves to the previous sheet in a workbook. CTRL+SHFT+PAGE UP selects the current and previous sheet in a workbook.


SPACEBAR
In a dialog box, performs the action for the selected button, or selects or clears a check box. CTRL+SPACEBAR selects an entire column in a worksheet. SHFT+SPACEBAR selects an entire row in a worksheet. CTRL+SHFT+SPACEBAR selects the entire worksheet. If the worksheet contains data, CTRL+SHFT+SPACEBAR selects the current region. Pressing CTRL+SHFT+SPACEBAR a second time selects the current region and its summary rows. Pressing CTRL+SHFT+SPACEBAR a third time selects the entire worksheet. Wh


TAB
Moves one cell to the right in a worksheet. Moves between unlocked cells in a protected worksheet. Moves to the next option or option group in a dialog box. SHFT TAB moves to the previous cell in a worksheet or the previous option in a dialog box in Microsoft Excel. CTRL TAB switches to the next tab in dialog box. CTRL SHFT TAB switches to the previous tab in a dialog box.
CTRL combination shortcut keys
CTRL+SHFT+(
Unhides any hidden rows within the selection.

CTRL+SHFT+)
Unhides any hidden columns within the selection.

CTRL+SHFT+&
Applies the outline border to the selected cells.

CTRL+SHFT_
Removes the outline border from the selected cells.

CTRL SHFT ~
Applies the General number format in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+SHFT+$
Applies the Currency format with two decimal places (negative numbers in parentheses).

CTRL+SHFT+%
Applies the Percentage format with no decimal places.

CTRL+SHFT+^
Applies the Exponential number format with two decimal places.

CTRL+SHFT+#
Applies the Date format with the day, month, and year.

CTRL+SHFT+@
Applies the Time format with the hour and minute, and AM or PM.

CTRL+SHFT+!
Applies the Number format with two decimal places, thousands separator, and minus sign (-) for negative values.

CTRL+SHFT+*
Selects the current region around the active cell (the data area enclosed by blank rows and blank columns). In a PivotTable, it selects the entire PivotTable report.

CTRL+SHFT+:
Enters the current time.

CTRL+SHFT+
Copies the value from the cell above the active cell into the cell or the Formula Bar.

CTRL SHFT Plus ( )
Displays the Insert dialog box to insert blank cells in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+Minus (-)
Displays the Delete dialog box to delete the selected cells.

CTRL+;
Enters the current date.

CTRL+`
Alternates between displaying cell values and displaying formulas in the worksheet.

CTRL+'
Copies a formula from the cell above the active cell into the cell or the Formula Bar.


CTRL+1
Displays the Format Cells dialog box.

CTRL+2
Applies or removes bold formatting.

CTRL+3
Applies or removes italic formatting.

CTRL 4
Applies or removes underlining in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+5
Applies or removes strikethrough.

CTRL+6
Alternates between hiding objects, displaying objects, and displaying placeholders for objects.

CTRL+8
Displays or hides the outline symbols.

CTRL+9
Hides the selected rows.

CTRL 0
Hides the selected columns in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+A
Selects the entire worksheet. If the worksheet contains data, CTRL+A selects the current region. Pressing CTRL+A a second time selects the current region and its summary rows. Pressing CTRL+A a third time selects the entire worksheet. When the insertion point is to the right of a function name in a formula, displays the Function Arguments dialog box. CTRL+SHFT+A inserts the argument names and parentheses when the insertion point is to the right of a function name in a formula.

CTRL+B
Applies or removes bold formatting.

CTRL+C
Copies the selected cells. CTRL+C followed by another CTRL+C displays the Clipboard.

CTRL+D
Uses the Fill Down command to copy the contents and format of the topmost cell of a selected range into the cells below.

CTRL+F
Displays the Find and Replace dialog box, with the Find tab selected. SHFT+F5 also displays this tab, while SHFT+F4 repeats the last Find action. CTRL+SHFT+F opens the Format Cells dialog box with the Font tab selected.

CTRL+G
Displays the Go To dialog box. F5 also displays this dialog box.

CTRL+H
Displays the Find and Replace dialog box, with the Replace tab selected.

CTRL I
Applies or removes italic formatting in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+K
Displays the Insert Hyperlink dialog box for new hyperlinks or the Edit Hyperlink dialog box for selected existing hyperlinks.

CTRL+N
Creates a new, blank workbook.

CTRL O
Displays the Open dialog box to open or find a file. CTRL SHFT O selects all cells that contain comments in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+P
Displays the Print dialog box. CTRL+SHFT+P opens the Format Cells dialog box with the Font tab selected.

CTRL+R
Uses the Fill Right command to copy the contents and format of the leftmost cell of a selected range into the cells to the right.

CTRL+S
Saves the active file with its current file name, location, and file format.

CTRL T
Displays the Create Table dialog box in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+U
Applies or removes underlining. CTRL+SHFT+U switches between expanding and collapsing of the formula bar.

CTRL+V
Inserts the contents of the Clipboard at the insertion point and replaces any selection. Available only after you have cut or copied an object, text, or cell contents.

CTRL+W
Closes the selected workbook window.

CTRL+X
Cuts the selected cells.

CTRL Y
Repeats the last command or action, if possible in Microsoft Excel.

CTRL+Z
Uses the Undo command to reverse the last command or to delete the last entry that you typed. CTRL+SHFT+Z uses the Undo or Redo command to reverse or restore the last automatic correction when AutoCorrect Smart Tags are displayed.



Function keys

F1
Displays the Microsoft Office Excel Help task pane. CTRL+F1 displays or hides the Ribbon, a component of the Microsoft Office Fluent user interface. ALT+F1 creates a chart of the data in the current range. ALT+SHFT+F1 inserts a new worksheet.


F2
Edits the active cell and positions the insertion point at the end of the cell contents. It also moves the insertion point into the Formula Bar when editing in a cell is turned off. SHFT+F2 adds or edits a cell comment. CTRL+F2 displays the Print Preview window.


F3
Displays the Paste Name dialog box. SHFT+F3 displays the Insert Function dialog box.


F4
Repeats the last command or action, if possible. CTRL+F4 closes the selected workbook window.


F5
Displays the Go To dialog box. CTRL F5 restores the window size of the selected workbook window in Microsoft Excel.


F6
Switches between the worksheet, Ribbon, task pane, and Zoom controls. In a worksheet that has been split (View menu, Manage This Window, Freeze Panes, Split Window command), F6 includes the split panes when switching between panes and the Ribbon area. SHFT+F6 switches between the worksheet, Zoom controls, task pane, and Ribbon. CTRL+F6 switches to the next workbook window when more than one workbook window is open.


F7
Displays the Spelling dialog box to check spelling in the active worksheet or selected range. CTRL+F7 performs the Move command on the workbook window when it is not maximized. Use the arrow keys to move the window, and when finished press ENTER, or ESC to cancel.


F8
Turns extend mode on or off. In extend mode, Extended Selection appears in the status line, and the arrow keys extend the selection. SHFT+F8 enables you to add a nonadjacent cell or range to a selection of cells by using the arrow keys. CTRL+F8 performs the Size command (on the Control menu for the workbook window) when a workbook is not maximized. ALT+F8 displays the Macro dialog box to create, run, edit, or delete a macro.


F9
Calculates all worksheets in all open workbooks. SHFT F9 calculates the active worksheet in Microsoft Excel. CTRL ALT F9 calculates all worksheets in all open workbooks, regardless of whether they have changed since the last calculation. CTRL ALT SHFT F9 rechecks dependent formulas, and then calculates all cells in all open workbooks, including cells not marked as needing to be calculated. CTRL F9 minimizes a workbook window to an icon.


F10
Turns key tips on or off. SHFT F10 displays the shortcut menu for a selected item in Microsoft Excel. ALT SHFT F10 displays the menu or message for a smart tag. If more than one smart tag is present, it switches to the next smart tag and displays its menu or message. CTRL F10 maximizes or restores the selected workbook window.


F11
Creates a chart of the data in the current range. SHFT+F11 inserts a new worksheet. ALT+F11 opens the Microsoft Visual Basic Editor, in which you can create a macro by using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).


F12
Displays the Save As dialog box.




Other useful shortcut keys

ARROW KEYS
Move one cell up, down, left, or right in a worksheet. CTRL+ARROW KEY moves to the edge of the current data region (data region: A range of cells that contains data and that is bounded by empty cells or datasheet borders.) in a worksheet. SHFT+ARROW KEY extends the selection of cells by one cell. CTRL+SHFT+ARROW KEY extends the selection of cells to the last nonblank cell in the same column or row as the active cell, or if the next cell is blank, extends the selection to the next nonblank cell


BACKSPACE
Deletes one character to the left in the Formula Bar in Microsoft Excel. Also clears the content of the active cell. In cell editing mode, it deletes the character to the left of the insertion point.


DELETE
Removes the cell contents (data and formulas) from selected cells without affecting cell formats or comments. In cell editing mode, it deletes the character to the right of the insertion point.


END
Moves to the cell in the lower-right corner of the window when SCROLL LOCK is turned on. Also selects the last command on the menu when a menu or submenu is visible. CTRL+END moves to the last cell on a worksheet, in the lowest used row of the rightmost used column. If the cursor is in the formula bar, CTRL+END moves the cursor to the end of the text. CTRL+SHFT+END extends the selection of cells to the last used cell on the worksheet (lower-right corner). If the cursor is in the formula bar, CT


ENTER
Completes a cell entry from the cell or the Formula Bar, and selects the cell below (by default). In a data form, it moves to the first field in the next record. Opens a selected menu (press F10 to activate the menu bar) or performs the action for a selected command. In a dialog box, it performs the action for the default command button in the dialog box (the button with the bold outline, often the OK button). ALT+ENTER starts a new line in the same cell. CTRL+ENTER fills the selected cell range


ESC
Cancels an entry in the cell or Formula Bar in Microsoft Excel. Closes an open menu or submenu, dialog box, or message window. It also closes full screen mode when this mode has been applied, and returns to normal screen mode to display the Ribbon and status bar again.


HOME
Moves to the beginning of a row in a worksheet. Moves to the cell in the upper-left corner of the window when SCROLL LOCK is turned on. Selects the first command on the menu when a menu or submenu is visible. CTRL+HOME moves to the beginning of a worksheet. CTRL+SHFT+HOME extends the selection of cells to the beginning of the worksheet.


PAGE DOWN
Moves one screen down in a worksheet. ALT+PAGE DOWN moves one screen to the right in a worksheet. CTRL+PAGE DOWN moves to the next sheet in a workbook. CTRL+SHFT+PAGE DOWN selects the current and next sheet in a workbook.


PAGE UP
Moves one screen up in a worksheet. ALT+PAGE UP moves one screen to the left in a worksheet. CTRL+PAGE UP moves to the previous sheet in a workbook. CTRL+SHFT+PAGE UP selects the current and previous sheet in a workbook.


SPACEBAR
In a dialog box, performs the action for the selected button, or selects or clears a check box. CTRL+SPACEBAR selects an entire column in a worksheet. SHFT+SPACEBAR selects an entire row in a worksheet. CTRL+SHFT+SPACEBAR selects the entire worksheet. If the worksheet contains data, CTRL+SHFT+SPACEBAR selects the current region. Pressing CTRL+SHFT+SPACEBAR a second time selects the current region and its summary rows. Pressing CTRL+SHFT+SPACEBAR a third time selects the entire worksheet. Wh


TAB
Moves one cell to the right in a worksheet. Moves between unlocked cells in a protected worksheet. Moves to the next option or option group in a dialog box. SHFT TAB moves to the previous cell in a worksheet or the previous option in a dialog box in Microsoft Excel. CTRL TAB switches to the next tab in dialog box. CTRL SHFT TAB switches to the previous tab in a dialog box.